- The Epic of Gilgamesh (/ˈɡɪlɡəmɛʃ/) is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for “Gilgamesh”), king of Uruk, dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2100 BC). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in Akkadian. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the “Old Babylonian” version, dates back to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, Shūtur eli sharrī (“Surpassing All Other Kings”). Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later Standard Babylonian version compiled by Sîn-lēqi-unninni dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba īmuru (“He who Saw the Abyss”, lit. ‘“He who Sees the Unknown”’). Approximately two-thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.
- Poland role in the Russo-Ukrainian war (ChatGPT)
Poland has played a crucial role in supporting Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War, emerging as one of Kyiv’s strongest allies. It has provided significant military aid, including weapons, ammunition, and training for Ukrainian forces, and served as a key logistics hub for international military support. Poland has also taken in millions of Ukrainian refugees, offering them shelter and integration support. Additionally, it has been a vocal advocate for tougher sanctions on Russia within the EU and NATO, urging stronger collective action against Russian aggression. Poland’s geographical proximity and historical tensions with Russia have heightened its strategic interest in ensuring Ukraine’s sovereignty and regional stability.