- THE HISTORY OF FORTRAN I, II, AND III (computerhistory.org)
Before 1954 almost all programming was done in machine language or assembly language. Programmers rightly regarded their work as a complex, creative art that required human inventiveness to produce an efficient program. Much of their effort was devoted to overcoming the difficulties created by the computers of that era: the lack of index registers, the lack of built-in floating point operations, restricted instruction sets (which might have AND but not OR, for example), and primitive input-output arrangements. Given the nature of computers, the services which “automatic programming” performed for the programmer were concerned with overcoming the machine’s shortcomings. Thus the primary concern of some “automatic programming” systems was to allow the use of symbolic addresses and decimal numbers (e.g., the MIDAC Input Translation Program [Brown and Carr 1954]).
- W.T. Wooten Wildlife Area (wdfw.wa.gov)
The W.T. Wooten Wildlife Area spans approximately 17,000 acres. The main unit, W.T. Wooten, covers 16,445 acres in Columbia and Garfield counties. The wildlife area also includes the smaller McDonald Bridge and Swegle Road access areas in Walla Walla County. The main W.T. Wooten Unit is 25 miles east of Dayton and 14 miles south of Pomeroy. About 17 miles of the Tucannon River are located within the boundaries, and elevations range from 4,100 feet on Hopkins Ridge down to 1,800 feet on the lowest section of the Tucannon River.