A blue mid stripe represents the Mississippi River; a small cabin stands for Father Gaultier’s original St. Paul chapel; a dome represents Minnesota’s Capitol and capital; and a winged wheel indicates St. Paul’s position as a transportation hub. The flag also contains a star of the north, symbolic of Minnesota, and a red shield, representing the progress and spirit of the city, while gold stripes are symbolic of the future.

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John Locke (plato.standford.edu) John Locke (b. 1632, d. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. Locke’s monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689) is one of the first great defenses of modern empiricism and concerns itself with determining the limits of human understanding in respect to a wide spectrum of topics. It thus tells us in some detail what one can legitimately claim to know and what one cannot.

Raven, volume 9-10 (2002–2003) (nava.org) Raven 9/10, covering 2002 and 2003, appears as a special double issue, American City Flags. This milestone vexillological work contains 150 articles dedicated to descriptions and histories of municipal flags of the United States. The cities represented include the largest 100 cities in the country, at least two cities per state, and all state capitals.